The results from the inventory analysis and impact assessment are summarized during the interpretation phase. The life cycle models are designed to be flexible, allowing for future scenario analysis examining different primary energy sources, fuel production processes, and expected. Life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public transportation buses gregory a. Life cycle assessment lca has emerged as a critical systemsoriented assessment framework for understanding the complexity, interdependencies, and impacts of infrastructure systems. Life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public. This study explores life cycle environmental impacts of city buses, depending. Life cycle stages that had minimal contribution to impact include. Similarly, the accumulation of co2 in the atmosphere is a global effect that requires a comprehensive life cycle analysis.
In transportation, the framework is now routinely used to assess the energy and environmental performance of transportation systems, emerging technologies. Videos 2, 3 and 4 of the gabi paper clip video tutorial series accompany it. Life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public transportation buses. This book presents an overview and assessment of a relatively new area of environmental policy in europe. Postdoctoral scholar civil and environmental engineering university of california, berkeley. Life cycle assessment of transportation options for commuters. Not a true lca tool by iso 14040 because it does not characterize emissions as. Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of hydrogen. Pdf many industrial strategies have been developed in order to promote manufacturers environmental responsibility and consumers consciousness over. This video is part of an online course being taught at the university of california, ics 5. Life cycle assessment for transportation decision making. Life cycle assessment of thinwall ductile cast iron for automotive lightweighting applications. The article goes on to discuss the use of lca as a decision making tool in the transportation look right sphere and avenues for development are.
A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation. Life cycle ownership cost and environmental externality of. Life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public transportation. Life cycle cost overview for different transit technologies. Life cycle assessment or life cycle assessment lca, also known as life cycle analysis is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. Mar 24, 2016 an integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost lcc model was developed to compare the life cycle performance of plug.
Only a portion of the course material is accessible via. A small gingerbread house is used instead of a real life building for the sake of simplicity, and also to focus. Life cycle assessment has been utilized in the literature to compare conventional gasoline powered passenger cars with various types of electric and hybrid powered alternatives. The case of bus and private transportation article pdf available january 2005 with 148 reads how we measure reads. Lca is necessary to compare emissions and energy use among. Life cycle assessment on a bus body component based on hemp fiber and ptp. Integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost model. This in in contrast with a natural gas powered bus that emits from both its tailpipe and upstream. Global guidance principles for life cycle assessment databases a basis for greener processes and products united nations environment programme p. For the total results, all electrified and hvo options show clear benefits compared to the conventional diesel bus. Life cycle assessment department of environmental affairs. Assistant professor civil and environmental engineering university of california, davis. Industry classification system naics sector 336120, heavy.
Life cycle inventory of biodiesel and petroleum diesel for. Comparative analysis of energy and environmental impacts and evaluation of the ecoefficiency improvement potential. Life cycle assessment is a cradletograve or cradletocradle analysis technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a products life, which is from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, and use. Environmental lifecycle assessment of passenger transportation. Alternative fuel options are gaining popularity in the vehicle market. A practice guide referred to as the practice guide in this document. Life cycle assessment of city buses powered by electricity. Life cycle assessment on a bus body component based on. The goal of the life cycle assessment lca is the balancing and assessment of all the environmental impacts caused by the entire life cycle of the newly developed component based on renewable raw materials. Department of the interior bus and ferry lifecycle cost modeling. Goals and scoping3 the scoping step determines which processes will be included, which environmental concerns will be included, what economic or social good is provided by the goods or services in question, resolves any technical issues and. An introduction to life cycle assessment lca nick santero, ph.
In addition, we include the establishment of infrastructure, such as gas well drilling and completion. Life cycle assessment environmental management systems. The goal of this project is to develop comprehensive lifecycle assessment lca. Safety and performance requirements and test methods. This study presents the life cycle assessment lca of three batteries for plugin hybrid and full performance battery electric vehicles. Pdf integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost. A detailed methodology for energy, greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant inventories of automobiles, buses, light rail, heavy rail and air v. Life cycle assessment of transportation options for. Postdoctoral scholar civil and environmental engineering university of california, berkeley alissa kendall, ph. The future of building life cycle assessment in practice summary as the architectural and construction industries increasingly emphasize sustainability, more comprehensive methods are being developed to evaluate and reduce environmental impacts by buildings. Life cycle assessment of a heavy metro train request pdf. The analysis of the total energy input over the life of a vehicle is known as life cycle assessment. Base battery electric bus prices have decreased by 25% over the last five years.
Sustainable materials and technologies 2018, 15, 18. Life cycle environmental assessment of lithiumion and. This document presents a simple example of the steps in life cycle assessment of buildings. Life cycle assessment lca life cycle assessment lca is a tool to evaluate the environmental effects of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material. Some studies also pay attention to the life cycle analysis of only fcvs or fuel cell systems. An integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost lcc model was developed to compare the life cycle performance of plug. Mar 15, 2015 phase of interpretation life cycle interpretation is a systematic technique to identify, quantify, check, and evaluate information from the results of the life cycle inventory andor the life cycle impact assessment. Life cycle assessment of li thium ion b atteries for plug. It synthesizes the literature available for lcas of. Cycle greenhouse gas emissions calculator for transit buses. A systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the functioning of a product or service system throughout its life cycle.
During a life cycle assessment environmental impacts are evaluated throughout the entire life cycle of a product production, use and disposal phases. Request pdf life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public transportation buses the clean air act in the united states identifies dieselpowered motor. The model was based on a bus system simulation using existing transit bus routes in the ann arborypsilanti metro area in michigan. At the european level, the parliament has suggested that the commission develop a framework for an integrated lifecycleoriented product policy. Jan 15, 2015 life cycle assessment of a heavy metro train article in journal of cleaner production 8715 january 2015. Pdf a hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses.
Center for transportation and the environment fuel costs. Life cycle assessment in support of sustainable transportation. Pdf life cycle assessment handbook reinout heijungs. The other alternative fuel pathways have nearly equal or higher life cycle costs compared to conventional diesel. Transformer life management english pdf leaflet dynamic transformer management program 20 english pdf. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Furthermore, understanding the benefits of biodiesel means understanding how its life cycle emissions compare to those of petroleum diesel. Aia guide to building life cycle assessment in practice. A simple example introduction page 3 introduction this document presents a simple example of the steps in life cycle assessment of buildings. Lca provides an adequate instrument for environmental decision support. Business life cycle environmental life cycle 6 the early years. An lca entails examining the product from the extraction of raw materials for the manufacturing process, through the production and use of the. Diesel bus transit in an indian scenario overall, it can be inferred that electric bus mobility is a promising initiative for indian cities and.
Policymaker guide which alternative fuel technology is best. Tradeoffs between co 2 emissions and cost of transit bus. Therefore, this study aims to present total air pollutant emissions and water withdrawal impacts through the lifetime of a transit bus with. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material extraction and processing cradle, through the. A significant impact reduction is already achieved with the hev diesel. Alternative fuel lifecycle environmental and economic. Optimization of transit bus fleets life cycle assessment.
Tradeoffs between co 2 emissions and cost of transit bus fleet operation. This international standard does not describe the life cycle assessment technique in detail. Transits morley bus depot,the fuel cell buses are operating in regular service alongside the conventional transperth natural gas and diesel bus fleets. Office of inspector general page 4 analysis of fleet replacement lifecycle trends in vehicle useful life the average light vehicle lasts about years and 145,000 miles when it is taken out of service and scrapped. Lifecycle assessment lca a guide to approaches, experiences and information sources there are great expectations for lca. Euro vi buses were modeled using copert data for euro vi and euro. Ally, jamie 2015 life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of hydrogen fuel cell, natural gas, and diesel bus transportation systems in western australia.
Argonne has developed the alternative fuel lifecycle environmental and economic transportation afleet tool for clean cities stakeholders to estimate petroleum use, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutant emissions, and cost of ownership of lightduty and heavyduty vehicles using simple spreadsheet inputs. Life cycle assessment lca is emerging as one of the most. Life cycle assessment lca has been utilized in the literature to compare conventional gasoline. Hazard identification and risk assessment in construction. Cradletograve begins with the gathering of raw materials from the earth to create the product and ends at the point when all materials are returned to the earth. Department of the interior bus and ferry lifecycle cost. Furthermore, these ancillary processes rely on a supply chain to provide materials, sub. Welcome to the life cycle assessment lca learning module series. Whereas the more traditional environment policy mainly deals with individual emissions, waste and substances, product policy is a more comprehensive approach addressing the environmental impacts of products during their whole life cycle. Conducting a life cycle assessment lca there are four main phases of the lca process. Many federal land management agencies receive funding for bus and ferry vehicles without much prior knowledge of the costs associated with those vehicles over their lifespan. This paper examines the environmental impacts association primarily with coffee production, but also use and disposal. Adopting alternative fuel options for public transportation compared to passenger vehicles contributes exponentially to reductions in transportationrelated environmental impacts.
A small gingerbread house is used instead of a real life building for the sake of simplicity, and also to focus attention on the process instead of the material results. Life cycle assessment lca is a tool that can be used to track the. A case study looking into multiple coffee types is included. Improvements in battery technology reduce the life cycle impacts from the electric bus, but the electricity grid makeup is the dominant. The vulnerability of the nations transportation infrastructure to climate change and extreme weather is now well documented and the transportation community has identified numerous strategies to potentially mitigate these vulnerabilities. Useful life of transit buses and vans final report report documentation page form approved omb no. The passenger transportation modes of auto, bus, heavy rail, light rail and air are critical systems relied upon for business and leisure. The reports provide the condition and life assessment of the each transformer with recommendations for further action in order to minimize or eliminate risk of failures. The life cycle assessment lca is one such project, aimed at evaluating the hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell buses in relation to the existing diesel and natural gas transportation systems. Life cycle assessment lca has been utilized in the literature to compare conventional gasolinepowered passenger cars with various types of electric and hybridpowered alternatives, however, no. Life cycle assessment is a cradletograve approach for assessing industrial systems. Environmental lifecycle assessment pdf free download.
Lifecycle assessment or life cycle assessment lca, also known as life cycle analysis is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. Conclusions as an addition of current literature, lca of alternative fuel options was performed in this paper for transit buses with the consideration of a wide variety. An integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost lcc model was developed to compare the life cycle performance of plugin charging versus wireless charging for an electric bus system. Life cycle assessment of li thium ion b atteries for plug in hybrid buses master of science thesis ylva olofsson mia romare department of energy and environment department of applied physics. Life cycle assessment an overview sciencedirect topics. Jul 15, 2015 alternative fuel options are gaining popularity in the vehicle market. Bs en 14044 high rise aerial appliances for fire and rescue service use. This study provides a life cycle inventory of environmental. However, this includes accident vehicles taken out of service prematurely. Introduction to life cycle assessment 9 1 introduction to life cycle assessment this section of the handbook introduces the concept of life cycle assessment lca. A transparent life cycle inventory lci was compiled in a componentwise manner for nickel metal hydride nimh, nickel cobalt manganese lithiumion ncm, and iron phosphate lithiumion lfp batteries. A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses.
Life cycle assessment of coffee fort collins, colorado. Integral survey means the consideration of all steps. A life cycle assessment is defined as the systematic analysis of the environmental impact of products during their entire life cycle. Life cycle assessment lca is used as a tool to assess the environmental impacts of a product, process or activity throughout its life cycle. This study quantifies the energy input and environmental impact of various transportation options using life cycle assessment.
Life cycle assessment lca is a tool for the systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product or service system through all stages of its life cycle. Hybrid life cycle assessment analysis approach for transit bus operations. Lifecycle assessment lca also called life cycle analysis is a tool for examining the total environmental impact of a product through every step of its life from obtaining raw materials all the way through making it in a factory, selling it in a store, using it in the workplace or at home, and disposing of it. We find that rapidcharging battery electric buses bebs have the lowest life cycle costs when compared to conventional diesel buses, as shown in figure 2, for the scenario with 80% federal funding for bus purchasing costs. The method of life cycle assessment lca summary the lca is a standardized method which allows the integral record, quantification and evaluation of the environmental damages connected with a product, a procedure, or a service in the context of a given question. Co 2 emissions and other air pollutants related health and environmental damage cost. Optimizing the economic and sustainability impacts of transit bus fleet operation.
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